A Preliminary Evaluation of the Association between Smokers vs. Non-smokers and Biochemical Bone Markers (Osteocalcin & Pyridinoline) in Dental Implant Patients

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A Preliminary Evaluation of the Association between Smokers vs. Non-smokers and Biochemical Bone Markers (Osteocalcin & Pyridinoline) in Dental Implant Patients
S. RAMIREZ, H. BURNS, T.W. OATES, and J.D. JONES, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
2003
IADR
Smoking has been associated with altered bone metabolism leading to increased bone resorption and osteoporosis; and may have similar effects on localized bone metabolism associated with the increased failure rates for endosseous dental implants. Objectives: Using osteocalcin (OC) as a marker of bone formation, and pyridinoline (PYD) as a marker of bone resorption, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of smoking on markers of bone metabolism associated with dental implants.
Methods: The patient group consisted of fourteen dentate and seven edentulous dental implant maintenance patients. Of these patients, sixteen were non-smokers (NS) and five were smokers (S). Samples of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were collected from four sites around two teeth and two implants (dentate patients) or from four implants (edentulous patients) using paper points. The volume of GCF collected was determined by weight. Samples were pooled for each patient relative to implants and teeth. OC and PYD were quantified using competitive enzyme immunoassays.
Results: OC levels around implants were greater for S (2.77 ¨± 0.71 ng/ml) than for NS (2.01 ¨± 1.04 ng/ml; p=0.19). OC levels around teeth were greater for S (2.63 ¨± 1.04 ng/ml) compared to NS (1.87 ¨± .49 ng/ml; p=0.09). PYD levels around implants were greater for NS (0.51 ¨± 0.28 ng/ml) than for S (0.28 ¨± 0.35 ng/ml; p=0.17). PYD levels around teeth were similar for S (0.57 ¨± 0.39 ng/ml) and NS (0.64 ¨± 0.39 ng/ml; p=0.77). In smokers, a negative correlation was found between OC and PYD levels around implants (r2=0.45), and a positive correlation was found for OC levels between teeth and implants (r2=0.50).
Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that smoking may alter bone metabolism associated with dental implants, and supports the use of biochemical markers in future investigations of smoking and local bone metabolism.